2 2 2021 2021-12-30 https://ijtns.ibupress.com/issue/volume-2-issue-2 2671-3500 2671-3519 Balkan University Press https://ijtns.ibupress.com

complexity-and-composition-in-contemporary-architectural-parametric-design 2021 2 Contemporary architecture is the architecture that represents the 21st century. Architects are working in different styles, from high-tech architecture to highly conceptual and expressive styles, resembling sculpture on an enormous scale. The different styles and approaches incorporate the use of very advanced technology and modern building materials, as well as, the use of new techniques of computer-architectural aided design. Complexity and Composition in Contemporary Architecture incorporate a contingent assemblage of theoretical, practical, ecological, economical, political, social, and cultural parameters that presuppose the design and performance of architecture. Architecture affects these parameters. The role of architecture includes the effectiveness of sustainability. Contemporary buildings are designed to be noticed as landmarks of the place. The real complexity of architecture is an integration of parameters typified by architects integrating and practicing this complexity. This parametric design is increasing complexity of building production increasing complex building technologies and envelopes, energy efficient techniques and technologies, software, fabrication and construction delivery methods, economic and ecological factors. Building design and building performance is a fundamental engagement with these multiple and complex contexts that condition the contemporary architecture.This parametric design strategy, which used computers for developing complex forms and construction of the buildings was often practiced in the projects of Zaha Hadid, Massimiliano Fuksas, Frank Gehry, Jean Nouvel, Daniel Libeskind. Specific attention in this research will be given to analysis of the usage of the parametric design as an algorithmic thinking that enables parameters and rules that, together, define, encode and clarify the relationship between design contents and design response. The expected outcome results in this scientific paper is to identify the contemporary design approaches and create application at the international education processes.

]]> contemporary, parametric, architectural design 2021-12-30 https://ijtns.ibupress.com/articles/complexity-and-composition-in-contemporary-architectural-parametric-design 2 1-13 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Viktorija Mangaroska International Balkan University true 2671-3500 2671-3519 Balkan University Press https://ijtns.ibupress.com

green-architectural-paradigm-and-ecological-concept-in-modern-architecture 2021 2 The concept of green architectural paradigm and ecological design process is one of the architectural paradigms of the 21st century. Green architecture paradigm combines six principles that should work together with the buildings: conserving energy, climate neutral systems, minimizing new resources, respect for the users and creating green architecture that recognizes the importance of the relation between people and nature, respect for the site, where all green principles need to be embodied in a holistic approach to the built environment. Ecological Design in Architecture should be durable, theory based to enable environmentally holistic design approach, which will acknowledge the ecological design as a complex and involve the incorporation of a complex set of green interactions with the environment on a local and global level. General systems framework for ecological design include the concept of developing a theory for ecological design, urban environment as fundamental to the ecosystem concept in ecology, and architectural design as a crucial and essential resolution of the design process. The sustainability conversation, achieves an urgent awareness of the global warming and the effects of climate change, in the extremes of weather and the unexpected flooding in the cities. But architects must think of sustainability in a new way. The green technology paradigm incorporates the concept of livability and the aspect how people can adapt to their environment. One of the leading challenges for architects and urban planners today is how to deal with urban density. Cities have to design, plan, and create buildings for a population that is urbanizing at exceptional speed. Sustainable design should to be firmly grounded to the details of design and integration of ecology and design. The epistemology should rely on the deep interconnections in order to mirror nature. Specific attention in this research will be given to analysis of ecological design process and green architectural paradigm with consideration of their urban context, adequate public access and architectural space. The expected outcome results in this scientific paper is to identify the green design approaches and create application at the international education processes.

]]> green architectural paradigm, ecologic concept, modern architecture 2021-12-30 https://ijtns.ibupress.com/articles/green-architectural-paradigm-and-ecological-concept-in-modern-architecture 2 14-21 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Viktorija Mangaroska International Balkan University true 2671-3500 2671-3519 Balkan University Press https://ijtns.ibupress.com

a-review-of-saliva-secretion-composition-and-function 2021 2 Saliva plays a central role in the complex physiological and biological processes that take place in the upper parts of the gastrointestinal tract in relation to ingestion and processing of the food. Human saliva has a number of physical, physicochemical and chemical agents that protect oral tissues against by various microorganisms and their metabolic products. Antimicrobial peptides with other innate defense molecules are fighting infection and control residents microbial populations throughout the oral cavity.

]]> 2021-12-30 https://ijtns.ibupress.com/articles/a-review-of-saliva-secretion-composition-and-function 2 22-29 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Marija Nakova IBU true Angelina Sredovska IBU 2671-3500 2671-3519 Balkan University Press https://ijtns.ibupress.com

all-on-four-prosthetic-construction-in-mandibula 2021 2 In the clinical dental practice, often, we are faced with patients that have very few teeth, or they haven’t got any at all – total tooth loss. The prosthetic is the future of these problems. With its many possibilities, it has a scientific basis to solve all these cases with mobile or fixed prosthodontics. In these cases we’re doing reconstruction and rehabilitation of the mouth with prosthodontic appliance in order to make up for the lost teeth and to set up functional and aesthetic harmony of the patient’s mouth. Nowadays, the prosthetic treatment of the total tooth loss combined with oral – surgical procedure called ALL ON FOUR is ideal, practical and safe reality to solve such a problem. Metal – ceramic fixed construction is placed over the 4 integrated implants. The crucial question is the biomechanical loading of the fixed construction, which asks extensive analysis and planning of the case. At the very beginning, based on the panoramix X-ray images and studio models, we are marking the most suitable static positions for the implants on our model. In advance, we have to keep in mind the action of horizontal and vertical strength. They act like flipping mastication strength and we have to calm and balance them. The augmentation of the ridge, correct designing and forming of the suprastructures, as well as the stable and polygonal orientation of the occlusion, are inevitable. Later, with oral – surgical treatment the implants are placed, together with ridge augmentation and its voluminous enlargement. After a 3-6 month period we’re starting with producing of the future fixed metal ceramic construction that at the end is going to be screwed like suprastructure over the implants.

]]> 2021-12-30 https://ijtns.ibupress.com/articles/all-on-four-prosthetic-construction-in-mandibula 2 30-42 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Danilo Krstevski IBU true 2671-3500 2671-3519 Balkan University Press https://ijtns.ibupress.com

covid-19-and-pathogenesis-in-oral-manifastions-review-in-literature 2021 2 It is well known that coronavirus COVID-19 comprises a single plus strand of RNA (+ss RNA). SARS-CoV-2 is a β‐CoV and mainly infects the respiratory, gastrointestinal and central nerves system of human and mammalians. It is transmitted trough respiratory droplets, aerosols, contact and vomits. Along with these symptoms, this virus can affect other organs including skin, olfactory system and oral cavity. The most common well recognized oral manifestations is dysgeusia leading to alteration of the taste, as a pathognomic symptoms. The reason for the loose of taste of COVID-19 are unknown and questionable. Some have speculated that the increasing number od ACE2 receptors on the tongue receptors keranocytes and association cell death and desquamation may block the taste perceptions. The same in the patients with SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) may be attack the mayor and minor salivary gland and the other oral mucosa with different lessons.

]]> 2021-12-30 https://ijtns.ibupress.com/articles/covid-19-and-pathogenesis-in-oral-manifastions-review-in-literature 2 43-47 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Marija Nakova IBU true Angelina Sredovska IBU 2671-3500 2671-3519 Balkan University Press https://ijtns.ibupress.com

evaluation-of-knee-sport-injuries-with-magnetic-resonance-images 2021 2 The knee is one of the major weights bearing joint that provides not only mobility and stability during physical activity, but also balance while standing. Sport injuries are injuries caused by sports activities and may lead to severe pain and disability. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is established as the leading modality for noninvasive evaluation of the sports knee injuries with its multi-planar capabilities and excellent soft-tissue contrast.

]]> 2021-12-30 https://ijtns.ibupress.com/articles/evaluation-of-knee-sport-injuries-with-magnetic-resonance-images 2 48-56 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Ana Lazarova IBU true Antonio Gligorievski St Naum Ohridski University 2671-3500 2671-3519 Balkan University Press https://ijtns.ibupress.com

hypodontia-of-lateral-incisors-prosthetic-therapy-with-implants 2021 2 In the diagnosis of the agenesis of the lateral incisors, it is essential a good clinical examination and a proper x-ray image, which will define not only the agenesis of the teeth, but it will rule out any other anomalies that can be associated with this condition. When we make plan for the treatment, whether we use opening or closing the space, we need to take in consideration the aesthetic, skeletal, dental, periodontal and functional factors. There are clinical cases in which the residual space is minimal and the patient is satisfied with the aesthetic look. In other cases, the patients are not completely satisfied with the aesthetics of their teeth, but due to the price and the time consuming therapy, they do not undergo the procedure. The resolution to this problem should be multidisciplinary. Any type of experimenting may lead to mistake and it will compromise the final look

]]> hypodontia, x-ray, implant, aesthetics 2021-12-30 https://ijtns.ibupress.com/articles/hypodontia-of-lateral-incisors-prosthetic-therapy-with-implants 2 57-60 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Danilo Krstevski IBU true Katerina Spasovska Dario Krstevski 2671-3500 2671-3519 Balkan University Press https://ijtns.ibupress.com

physiological-and-pathological-dark-pigmentation-in-oral-mucosa 2021 2 The presence of melanocytes in the oral epithelium is a well established fact but their physiological functions are not well defined. milline provides protection from environmental stressors such as ultra violet radiation and reactive oxygen and melanocyte function as a stress sensors having capacity to react and to produce variety of micro-inveremental cytokines, and growth factors modulating immune inflammatory and antibacterial responses. There is wide range of normal and pathological variations in melanin pigmentations of the oral mucosa. Oral pigmentation can be physiological or pathological and endogenous and exogenous. Such lesions represent a variety of clinical entities, ranging from physiologic changes to manifestation of systemic illnesses and malignant neoplasms.The color of oral mucose depend upon the epithelial thickness, the keratin status, the vascularity and the density of the underlying fibrous tissue. Dark or black pigmented lesions can be focal, multifocal or diffuse macules. The pigmented lesions including entiteties such as physiological pigmentation, smokers melanosis, melanotic macule, drugs pigmentation, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, Kaposi`s sarcoma, pigmentation related to heavy-metal ingestion (lead, mercury, bismuth amalgam), endocrinopathic pigmentation, and melanoma malignum.

]]> 2021-12-30 https://ijtns.ibupress.com/articles/physiological-and-pathological-dark-pigmentation-in-oral-mucosa 2 61-69 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Marija Nakova IBU true Angelina Sredovska IBU Natasa Teoska Mitrevska IBU 2671-3500 2671-3519 Balkan University Press https://ijtns.ibupress.com

review-of-inflammatory-cytokines-in-dentistry 2021 2 Pro-inflammatory cytokine is a type of signaling molecule that is secreted from immune cells like helper T cells and macrophages, and other cell types that promote inflammation like interleukin 1(IL-1), (IL-12) (IL-18), TNF-α, interferon gamma, granulocytes, macrophages and colony stimulating factor (GM-GSF). They play important role in mediation in initiate immune response. Inflammatory cytokines are predominantly produced and are involved in up regulation of inflammatory reaction. Most frequently Inflammatory diseases in dental medicine are periodontal diseases. Many studies have indicate that biological activity of variety of cytokines may be directly relevant to periodontal destruction. Draw of the initiation is well documented and the end result is destruction of alveolar bone and periodontal connective tissue. This is readily observe but the events between this two points in time remain obscure and are the focus of this paper. Bacteria from plaque formation induces tissue destruction indirectly by activating host defense cells, and tissue breakdown components of dental plaque have the capacity to induce the initial infiltrate of inflammatory cells including lymphocytes macrophages, PMNs. Bacteria can cause damage directly and indirectly. Cytotoxic cellular immune responses to self and pro-inflammatory responses are involved in releases of many cytokines and chemokines.

]]> 2021-12-30 https://ijtns.ibupress.com/articles/review-of-inflammatory-cytokines-in-dentistry 2 70-75 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Angelina Sredovska IBU true Marija Nakova IBU 2671-3500 2671-3519 Balkan University Press https://ijtns.ibupress.com

the-multidisciplinary-manage-ment-of-cleft-lip-and-palate-patients-orthodontic-point-of-view 2021 2 The management of patients with cleft lip and palate is complex and requires a multidisciplinary team with several interventions and long-term treatment. The regular timing of orthodontic and surgical treatment is important for a successful longterm outcome and for reducing the burden of caring for both the child and the family. This paper will focus on the orthodontic treatment of patients born with cleft lip and palate from an early age to skeletal maturity. Management of patients with cleft lip and cleft palate requires extended orthodontic treatment and interdisciplinary approach in providing these patients with optimal aesthetics, function and stability. Orthodontic therapy in infant phase, primary, mixed and permanent dentition and after the end of growth will be discussed with an appropriate int

]]> cleft, cleft lip, cleft palate, multidisciplinary team, orthodontics 2021-12-30 https://ijtns.ibupress.com/articles/the-multidisciplinary-manage-ment-of-cleft-lip-and-palate-patients-orthodontic-point-of-view 2 76-83 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Radmila Dimovska IBU true 2671-3500 2671-3519 Balkan University Press https://ijtns.ibupress.com