ABSTRACT
Skopje and its surrounding areas have developed in a seismically ac tive region. The measures for mitigating seismic risk are classified as structural and non-structural. Application of seismic design codes is the most crucial structural measure for reducing seismic risk. Among non-structural seismic risk mitigation measures, urban planning is recognized as a very important instrument. To find out the contribution of the urban planning to seismic risk mit igation in Skopje, this study focuses on the General Urban Plan (GUP) prepared for the City of Skopje with plan period of 2012-2022. The content of the GUP is analyzed in context of seismic risk by searching for information which is related to seismicity and measures suggested by the plan to reduce the negative consequences of earthquakes. Within the plan documentation of GUP there is an annex with seismic hazard maps. Also, in the textual part of the plan there is a section devoted to seismic hazard. However, the guidelines for mitigating the seismic risk are limited to selection of locations based on seismic hazard information, while the vulnerability to seismic risk of the existing urban areas is not considered. Mitigating seismic risk at urban scale requires multidisciplinary approach. This to be achieved it is required to establish a collaboration between the earthquake engineers, seismologists and urban planners.
REFERENCES
Ansal, A., Tonuk, G., & Kurtulucs, A. (2009). Microzonation for Urban Planning. In: Tankut, A.T. (eds) Earthquakes and Tsunamis. Geotechnical, Geological, and Earthquake Engineering, vol 11. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2399-5_9.
Bahrainy, H., & Bakhtiar, A. (2022). The Role of Urban Design. In Bahrainy, H., & Bakhtiar, A. Urban Design in Seismic-Prone Regions (pp. 15-19). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08321-1
Bathrellos, G., Skilodimou, H., Chousianitis, K., Youssef, A., & Pradhan, B. (2017). Suitability es timation for urban development using mutli-hazard assessment map. Journal of Science of the Total Environment (575), 119-134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.025
Edip, K. & Apostolska, R. (2024). Seismic Risk Assessment at Urban Scale for Earthquake Safe Urban Planning – a Case Study in Skopje. 18th World Conference on Earthquake Enginee ring, Milan, Italy.
Edip, K. (2023). Seismic Risk Assessment as a Basis for Sustainable Urban Development. Do ctoral dissertation, Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology (IZIIS) – Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, N. Macedonia. http://hdl.handle. net/20.500.12188/28873.
Ivanisevic, M., Marjanovic, M., & Iliev, D. (2021). Spatial Planning and Territorial Governance in North Macedonia: From Socialist Yugoslavia to European Integration. In Berisha, E., Cotella, G., Solly, A. Governing Territorial Development in the Western Balkans: Challenges and Prospects of Regional Cooperation (pp. 107-130). Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72124-4.
IZIIS (2016). Report for onsite seismic safety evaluation of the buildings after the earthquake of 11.09.2016 in Skopje. IZIIS - report 2016/32-41.
Menoni, S. (2020). Risk Mitigation and Resilience of Human Settlement. In Balducci, A., Chiffi, D. & Curci, F. Risk and Resilience (pp. 27-45). Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature Switzer land AG 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56067-6.
Milutinovic, Z., Salic, R., & Tomic, D. (2017). An Overview on Earthquake Hazard and Seismic Risk Management Policies of Macedonia. 16th World Conference on Earthquake Enginee ring. Santiago, Chile: 16 WCEE 2017
Official Gazette of R. N. Macedonia nr. 32/2020. Urban planning legislative.
Official Gazette of R. N. Macedonia nr. 78/2006. Rulebook for the content, scale and graphical representation methods of urban plans
Spatial Planning Agency (SPA) (2011). Documentation of General Urban Plan of City of Skopje for plan period of 2012-2022, book 1, December 2011
Spatial Planning Agency (SPA) (2011a). Extract of GUP of Skopje for plan period of 2001-2020.
Spatial Planning Agency (SPA) (2011b). Seismic hazard map showing the peak ground accelerati on for return period of 475 years.
Spatial Planning Agency (SPA) (2024). https://app.gov.mk/?lang=mk (last accessed 05.11.2024)
Stefanovska, J. & Kozelj. J. (2012). Urban planning and transitional development issues: The case of Skopje, Macedonia. Urbani Izziv. DOI: 10.5379/urbani-izziv-en-2012-23-01-002.
UNISDR (2017). Words into Action Guidelines, National Disaster Risk Assessment, United Nati ons Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2017.
United Nations (2015). Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. Geneva: Uni ted Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction.
United Nations (1970). Skopje Resurgent, The Story of a United Nations Special Fund Town Planning Project. New York: United Nations